Identify and Manage Cause of Pain

In acute onset severe pain consider:

1. Compartment syndrome,
2. Ischaemia,
3. Bowel perforation
4. Infection
5. Haematoma
6. Cardiac event.

It is essential to identify and appropriately manage the cause of the pain. 

Basic Management of Pain 

IV Morphine Rescue

Patient in Pain with Epidural in Situ

Patient in Pain on a PCA